The hidden biodiversity knowledge split in biological collections

Abstract

Ecological and evolutionary processes generate biodiversity, yet how biodiversity data are organized and shared globally can shape our understanding of these processes. We show that name-bearing type specimens—the primary reference for species identity—of all freshwater and brackish fish species are predominantly housed in Global North museums, disconnected from their countries of origin. This geographical divide creates a ‘knowledge split’ with consequences for biodiversity science, particularly in the Global South, where researchers face barriers in studying native species’ name bearers housed abroad. Meanwhile, Global North collections remain flooded with non-native name bearers. We relate this imbalance to historical and socioeconomic factors, which ultimately restrict access to critical taxonomic reference materials and hinder global species documentation. To address this disparity, we call for international initiatives to promote fairer access to biological knowledge, including specimen repatriation, improved accessibility protocols for researchers in countries where specimens originated and inclusive research partnerships.